Compare the way in which Yeats and Eliot write about...

Compare the ways in which Eliot and Yeats write about relationships between men and women- in the response you must include detailed critical discussion of at least two Eliot poems. In T.S. Eliot’s Portrait of a Lady and The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, themes of insecurity, masculinity, propriety and theatricality are addressed. Similarly, W.B. Yeats also draws upon these themes in his poem He Wishes For The Cloths Of Heaven. Both poets successfully weave these characteristic ideas so skillfully that the reader obtains a real sense of relationships in modern society. In The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, the narrative voice is one of a neurotic, pathetic man who manages to be both vain and insecure at the same time. Eliot†¦show more content†¦Prufrock is so forlorn that he asserts ‘I should have been a pair of ragged claws/ Scuttling across the floors of silent seas’. This denotes his self-pitying manner and announces that he places himself at the bottom of the social order, ‘floors of silent seas’ being the lowest point one can reach before descending into the molten core of the earth. He compares himself to a crab, a detritus feeder that cannot hunt its own prey and instead relies on scavenging the victories of others. Crabs are also solitary animals and this is perhaps Eliot having Prufrock admit that there isn’t time and he resigned to a life alone. ‘Scuttling’ is a verb that suggests sideways movement, highly indicative of Prufrock’s inertia and failure to move forwards with his life. His emasculation was typical of men in his day, affected by the aftershocks of the Great War, where they struggled to find their place in a radically altered society, where the foundations of the once great British Empire were crumbling. Prufrock is so concerned with his masculinity that he is hypersensitive to the voices of others, which say â€Å"but how his arms and legs are thin†. He feels that he does not represent the masculine ideal that women who talk ‘of Michelangelo’ desire. Prufrock’s tale is made immeasurably tragic when he claims ‘I have measured out my life with coffee spoons.’ The fact that he can even begin to think of measuring his life indicates how little he has achieved. ‘Coffee spoons’

Gender, Masculinity, And Sex Are The Driving Forces Of Lev...

Power, Masculinity, and Sex are the driving forces in Lev’s character development. Some argue that war is a key factor in the evolution of Lev’s character but I argue that sex is primary reason. We see how naive Lev is when it comes to sex and â€Å"manhood† with the challenges that are presented before him throughout the novel. We see growth and development in Lev when he confronts the obstacles of sex and masculinity to see what they really can be. We also see the realities of what sex really is when Lev interacts with Kolya. But as the story unfolds, we observe that these three factors are highly influential in the power one character exerts over another. Initially we see Lev as a 17 year old boy who has no place on the battlefield and an†¦show more content†¦The Kirov? That’s the one that went down last night? I’m so sorry, sweet boy† (Benioff, 73). The fact that Sonya is talking to Kolya about Lev is belittling to him because she’s treating him like a child that can’t speak up for himself. When Sonya calls him a â€Å"boy† it shows that she doesn’t think much of him. This is an important facet of his character development as it reminds the reader how little people think of Lev and provides a sense of shock when we do interpret him as a threat. Sex is used as a driving force of power and assertion in subtle and explicit ways. Kolya uses sex as a tactic of manipulation on his sexual conquests as he likes to call them. When he refers to his past partners as â€Å"conquests† he’s portraying himself as overtly masculine man, positioning himself as the alpha male, particularly over Lev. â€Å"Lev, Sonya Ivanovna. One of my early conquests and still a dear friend† (Benioff, 71). He described his approach to women as a form of â€Å"calculated neglect† which is rooted in the idea of manipulation. He offers this concept to Lev as a way to get his foot in the door of â€Å"manhood† and complete his highly sought after sexual conquest. Throughout their journey we see Lev develop feelings of envy and jealousy as he observes Kolya interact with women while he s off to the side. â€Å"I wanted to be the one who could transport a pretty girl away from the siege with my cock. Instead I was lying on the floor of a stranger’s apartment next to aShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Process the Battle to Buy a Car Free Essays

Outline Informative Process Analysis Audience: Individuals interested in purchasing a vehicle Purpose: To help potential car buyers be prepared; so, they may achieve what they want, and need in a vehicle. Thesis: There is a method to the madness of buying a vehicle; you just need to have the right weapons for battle. A. We will write a custom essay sample on Process the Battle to Buy a Car or any similar topic only for you Order Now Know what you want. B. Know how you’re going to pay for it. C. Be informed. D. Take your time. E. Above all, don’t be gullible The Battle to Buy a Car After twenty-six years in the car business, I can honestly say, â€Å"I’ve seen and heard it all. As with most things, the car business changes constantly. Always inventing new ways of sell a car. However, one thing hasn’t changed. It still needs salesmen to sell their product. Most salespeople are knowledgeable, and upfront. However, it is a business. Salesmen are there to make money. Simply as that. Some just do it a little more ethically then others. This leads us, to the fast talking salesmen. You know the type: tall, dark, handsome, and knows it all. The minute you walk on the lot, he’s on you like white on rice. Equipped with sunglasses, and a cigarette in his mouth, he’s ready to sell you everything but the kitchen sink. With that said, let me start by saying, â€Å"get armed†. Buying a car today is a battle. Being prepared will be one of your greatest weapons. Therefore, here are five â€Å"Do’s and Don’ts I’ve come up with. First, before you step onto the car lot, know what you want. What are your needs? Know what you like and do not like about your present vehicle. Knowing this ahead of time will help you buy what you want and not what the fast talking salesperson wants you to buy. I’ve seen it. For example, a customer comes to purchase a four-wheel drive truck. He’s living in Buffalo New York and gets 20 feet of snow at a time. However, instead he leaves with a two-wheel drive truck. The customer is all excited; he loves his new red truck. Can’t wait to show the guys. Bright red, 20-inch chrome rims, and only two hundred and forty bucks a month. What a deal! Unaware that his salesperson was awarded salesmen of the month; for selling the only two-wheel drive truck, the dealership has ever had. There you go. The saying is correct. There is an ass for every seat! Three weeks down the road the customer is late for work because the bright red truck, he’s only paying two hundred and forty dollars a month for; can’t get out of the driveway! Prioritize. Have an ideal of what’s most important to least important to you. Second, know how you plan to pay for this vehicle. Are you paying cash or will you need to finance. If you are paying cash, know ahead of time how much you have or are willing to spend; and stick with it. If you need to finance, check out interest rates and terms that are available to you through banks and other financial institutions, such as credit unions, small finance companies, and even family. Car dealers generate a great deal of income from assisting you with financing. The financial institutions pay dealers depending on what interest rate and term they give to the customer. You may, be able to save money doing it yourself. Third, be informed. The price is important to all of us. However, it’s not everything. Before you can successfully negotiate anything, you need to know as much about it as you can. Use all resources of information available to you. Today we have the optimum weapon, the Internet. Use it. The internet can show all makes and models of vehicles, help find the history of a vehicle, the worth of your trade-in, along with, the vehicle your interested in. Can assist you in being informed of warranties, recalls, and what problems may exist within certain makes and models. Remember, when purchasing a used car, warranty means everything. You don’t want to be stuck with a problem vehicle, and have a â€Å"thirty-seconds, thirty-feet† warranty. In addition, previous purchasing experiences can be helpful. Knowing what kind of treatment and service you received from a particular dealership will let you know weather or not to return. A return customer should also be entitled to receive an additional discount. Loyalty has its advantages. Fourth, take your time. Don’t be an impulse buyer. Never buy the first time on the lot. Take your information, and experience home with you. Discuss it, way all of your options and then make your decision. Fifth and finial thought. Don’t be gullible! Remember, if something is to good to be true it usually is. How to cite Process the Battle to Buy a Car, Essays

Gender Discrimination and Equal Rights of Women †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Gender Discrimination and Equal Rights of Women. Answer: Introduction Gender discrimination at workplace involves unfair treatment of employees or those applying for the job in an organization. The discrimination arises one sex is favored more than the other regarding payments and opportunities. In most workplaces, women seem to be the most largely affected as they are subjected to discrimination from both sexes (Ashappa, 2012). The discrimination seems to take place even in countries that have already introduced law and regulations against gender discrimination at the workplace. Apart from unequal pay and opportunities, the forms of gender discrimination witnessed at workplace include diminished responsibilities, where the women are exempted from some duties such as those that involve masculinity (Bobbitt-Zeher, 2011). Another form gender inequality is the type of conversation that is conducted at the workplace, conversation between men and between women and the management ha been found to differ. Also, positional biases, which assume only that women are suited for the receptionist position. Finally, sexual harassment is also another form of gender discrimination. Our group held several meetings upon which it decided to address the topic on gender discrimination. When it comes to gender discrimination, women seem to be suffering the most. In the early days, women were not given the same rights as men. Women had no right to vote, and upon marriage, they were supposed to surrender their property to their husbands. Also, they had limited opportunities in education as well as occupations. The society believed that the women place was raising children, tending to domestic affairs and cooking (Doyle, 2017). The group agreed that the women would focus on the issues relating to achievements made through the fight against gender discrimination, while the men tackled the issues relating to law and policies made to reduce gender inequality in the workplace. Women began to join the workforce and rejected the homemaker role; this further increased the momentum in the fight for equal right and aided the achievement of a milestone in 1964 where the equal pay law was passed to restrict discrimination at the workplace. However, despite these achievements, gender discrimination is still rampant in the workplace. The group has dedicated its efforts to study gender discrimination at work in Australian organizations and try to give options through which the situation can be improved (Healey, 2015). The women were assigned a task to research on the history regarding gender discrimination in Australia, while the men addressed the policies that have been put in place to help curb gender discrimination. The women discovered that gender discrimination has been in existence since time in memorial, women have been regarded to be the inferior gender in the society. However, in early 1800, efforts to fight for equality started to emerge whereby women were now allowed by the law to retain their property after marriage. Another milestone that was achieved in the fight is the prohibition of the employer to discriminate the employees on the grounds of gender regarding compensation. However, the efforts have not yet managed to achieve the desired gender equality. Research conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics on business organizations across Australia revealed that between 1990 t0o 2009 the salary payment by gender had a constant gap of about 17%. Moreover, the enactment of sex di scrimination act in 1984, so the government introduces theWomen's Royal Australian Naval Service in 1985 as well as the removal of a restriction that barred married women from serving in the Naval Service. On the other hand, men researched on the policies that have been put down in the Australian constitution, which discourages against gender discrimination, such laws include the sex discrimination act that was passed in 1984. This law gives effect to Australia's obligation under the convention, to eliminate any discrimination against women as well as specific aspects in the international labor organization. The agendas of this law are as follows; To eliminate sexual harassment in organizations and institutions, so as to ensure the provision of services without discrimination. To ensure non-discrimination on the ground of sexuality, pregnancy or material status as well as on family responsibilities The team agreed that the objective of addressing the gender equality at work within organizations would involve finding out on the laws and regulations that have been laid down pertaining this topic as well as the journey the history of ratio discrimination, which will be used to emphasize on the topic. The second objective of coming up with ways to eradicate gender discrimination will involve identifying policies that can be applied in organizations (Hirsch, 2016). The third objective pertaining the implementation plan will involve working with the management to ensure that the identified policies are put in place and in an appropriate way that can help eradicate gender discrimination. After identifying the objectives, the team preceded to the set the measurement on the objectives. The expected outcome is that the staff at the selected organizations will cooperate and be ready to share on the issues affecting them relating to gender discrimination, and it is also expected that during the process of addressing the gender discrimination, no one will be victimized upon sharing the information The other expectation is that the policies that will be identified about gender discrimination will be relevant to the goal of the team in racial discrimination eradication and that the policies will have been proven to work in other organizations (Katz, 2015). The team also expects that the management, as well as the society, will realize the benefits of promoting gender equality and therefore corporate with the team to address the issue through introducing the identified policies into their strategies. Timeliness and resources required The team decided that it would take one week to address the issue of gender discrimination in the selected organization; also, the team has set out two days in the following week to hold a seminar and talk about gender equality to the staff. Incas the activity fails to be completed within a week an additional three days will be allowed (Kira and Hanaa, 2015). Within the first week, issues related to policies will be thoroughly worked on to ensure that they are addressed and well explained during the seminars. Moreover, the policy issues might be addressed at the management level that will then inform the workforce on the policies. The team agreed that the funds required to conduct this activity would be recouped once the seminars have been held and in the meanwhile, individual contributions would help to sustain the team activities. These funds would be used to support activities such as transport cost purchase of office stationery and publishing materials (Kraal, Roseland, and Wrench, 2010). It is also expected that management in the selected organizations will cooperate with our team and implement the policies that the team has come up with within a years' time from the time of identification. While addressing this objective, various risks are associated with them is risks may include: Infringement of employees privacy; the team will have to engage the organizations employees in addressing the gender discrimination, in the process of doing so there might be chances that some of the staff rights and privacy will be violated. Financial risk; the team will require funds to run the activities of addressing gender discrimination. These activities might be more costly to the point that it outruns the budget. Moreover, the cost might be so huge such that the amount obtained during the seminar will not be enough (Langwith, 2008). Also, the policies developed by the team risk to be rejected as the management might view them as irrelevant and unproductive to the company as they do not bring any profit along instead they increase the cost of operations within the organization. Company privacy infringement is another risk that the team is willing to take in its effort to eradicate gender discrimination. This move might even lead to lawsuits as some organization might regard it as prying. Another risk is the irrelevance of the topic to the existing organization structure; the topic might be going too far in addressing gender discrimination in this particular organization while most of the activities undertaken in such an organization involve muscles, which is inclined to one side of the gender(Mary, 2016). Every plan can never e complete without the evaluation mechanism. The time decided to use the following evaluation methods after a long, intense argument. As for the research o the background of racial discrimination, which was handled by the women, the evaluation method used, aimed at establishing the relevance of the content to the targeted audience, the authenticity of the content as well as how the content can be used to influence changes in organizations. The background history of gender discrimination is to be evaluated by the end of the week to ensure it is in order and can be used during the seminar (Scott, 2017). The other issue regarding policies, which was tackled by men, was evaluated based on authenticity, practicality as well as how effective it was in addressing the issue on gender discrimination. These policies will be evaluated at the end of the first week as they are to be used during the seminar The team also deliberated on holding a seminar, which aims to inform the company staff on the issue of gender equality. This is seminar has also been provided with a method of evaluation which include using questioners that will be filled by the audience regarding how they have understood the issue, how they view the issue as well as how efficient the methods used to deliver the message were effective. The evaluation will be conducted at the end of the seminars to obtain the feedback. However, the feedback will be used only among the team members and will not be disclosed to the audience (Vandenberghe, 2011). Finally, the implementation of gender discrimination by the management, which is to take place within a year, will also be evaluated. The evaluation method employed in this case will involve internal management functions as well as those of the team efforts. The reason for involving the management is because the implementation process will be carried out by the management (Wallen, 2017). Conclusion Gender discrimination is an issue that needs to be thoroughly addressed to ensure that the organizations staffs are given fair treatment. The eradication of gender discrimination within the organization might not lead to direct financial benefits to the organization but will contribute a lot in the following areas. Productivity; that individual who are subjected to gender discrimination lose the motivation required to perform their duties accordingly. The discrimination may include a joke relating to the employee gender, which portrays inferiority. This discrimination leads to loss of productivity as the employee morale continues to decrease Promotions; women are always disadvantaged when it comes to promotions; this is because they are torn between family duties and work duties. Although the law has restricted organization from disputing women from promotion based on family grounds, organizations have not yet fully abandoned this trend. This has seen organizations deny women an equal opportunity to display their talents and serve the organization. Finally, gender discrimination might lead to the destruction of self-esteem, apart from reducing the organization productivity; it may also damage the performance of an employee at a personal level leading to low self-esteem. References Ashappa, D. (2012). Gender Discrimination and Equal Rights of Women.Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research, 3(4), pp.242-243. Bobbitt-Zeher, D. (2011). Gender Discrimination at Work.Gender Society, 25(6), pp.764-786. Doyle, A. (2017).Types of Employment Discrimination With Examples. [online] The Balance. Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/types-of-employment-discrimination-with-examples-2060914 [Accessed 9 May 2017]. Healey, J. (2015).Gender discrimination and inequality. 1st ed. Healey, K. (2013).Gender discrimination. 1st ed. Wentworth Falls, N.S.W.: Spinney Press. Hirsch, B. (2016). Gender wage discrimination.IZA World of Labor. Katz, K. (2015).Gender, work, and wages in the Soviet Union. 1st ed. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave. Kira, I. and Hanaa, S. (2015). Gender Discrimination (GD): A Conceptual Trauma-Based Framework for GD and the Development of Gender Discrimination Inventory.Psychology, 06(16), pp.2041-2070. Kraal, K., Roosblad, J. and Wrench, J. (2010).Equal opportunities and ethnic inequality in European labour markets. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Langwith, J. (2008).Discrimination. 1st ed. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Mary, W. (2016). FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION AND GENDER WAGE DISCRIMINATION.Journal of Research in Gender Studies, 6(1), p.262. Scott, S. (2017).Suggested Approach to Gender Discrimination at Workplace. [online] Smallbusiness.chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/suggested-approach-gender-discrimination-workplace-10272.html [Accessed 9 May 2017]. Vandenberghe, V. (2011). Firm-level Evidence on Gender Wage Discrimination in the Belgian Private Economy.LABOUR, 25(3), pp.330-349. Wallen, J. (2017).10 examples of gender bias you may encounter in the workplace - TechRepublic. [online] TechRepublic. Available at: https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-examples-of-gender-bias-you-may-encounter-in-the-workplace/ [Accessed 9 May 2017]. Walter, E. (2017).EU objectives for gender equality in research. [online] EIGE. Available at: https://eige.europa.eu/gender-mainstreaming/toolkits/gear/objectives-gender-equality-research [Accessed 9 May 2017]. XU, D. and ZHANG, J. (2013). Sex Differences in Inhibition of Return in Face-gender Discrimination.Acta Psychologica Sinica, 45(2), pp.161-168.

A Solution to the Growing Gas Prices in the United States.

A Solution to the Growing Gas Prices in the United States. Gasoline prices have been taking a sharp turn towards the worse. According to Hawaiigasprices.com, in Hawaii, gasoline can cost as much as three dollars and ninety four cents; in nineteen ninety-eight it was one dollar, seventy five cents. The recent spike has caused financial hardships and gas itself has had numerous harmful effects towards the environment. To resolve this problem, I urge you: Senators, to at least carefully consider the need for a resolution, but hopefully to pass my legislation for these reasons:(1) Gas prices have hit record highs in the past years.(2) The increasingly high gas prices are causing immediate financial difficulties.(3) The environmental tolls will over time have an extremely dangerous effect on society.As said before gasoline has been hitting record highs, and recent happenings (such as the shutting down of oil harbors in New Orleans and the continuing difficulties of the War in Iraq) have even further added to the financial burden of the people of the American society.Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions for municip...Just over half of the people surveyed in an ABC News Poll say that they are having these financial problems, and, magnifying the apparent decay of the economy, forty five percent of people say they're spending less and twenty one percent say they are having to resort to saving less, both in which will overtime damage the economy even faster. However, according to Iowa Corn, if the switch to E-85 is made, it is expected that over the next fifteen years, three hundred thousand new jobs could be created through the Ethanol base. Also, if a slow transition is made (one or two years rather than months) it should give foreign countries whose economy depends on oil sales to the United States adequate time to plan and begin working on other possible exports...

The Amulet by Ralph Waldo Emerson Explication Essays

The Amulet by Ralph Waldo Emerson Explication Essays The Amulet by Ralph Waldo Emerson Explication Paper The Amulet by Ralph Waldo Emerson Explication Paper Poem Explication Ralph Waldo Emerson – The Amulet Your picture smiles as first it smiled, The ring you gave is still the same, Your letter tells, O changing child, No tidings since it came. Give me an amulet That keeps intelligence with you, Red when you love, and rosier red, And when you love not, pale and blue. Alas, that neither bonds nor vows Can certify possession; Torments me still the fear that love Died in its last expression. Analysis Point of view – The speaker of the poem is a person who has just lost a loved one. He feels that she still remains with him through all the keepsakes he has of her, and that the mementos keep their love strong. He wants to know how she is feeling and if she still loves him. He’s trying to admit to himself that he lost her. The speaker’s attitude is typical for a person who has lost someone. Always thinking about that person, wanting to know if they’re watching over them. Figurative language – In paragraph one, the picture of the girl smiling is symbolism. The smile represents the only thing that he has left of her because there is no living smile that changes. In the second paragraph there is symbolism. The amulet symbolizes remembrance, spirituality or energy force of the girl’s existence. In paragraph three there is imagery. Torment symbolizes the love and lost in death and how a person deals with a great loses. Versification – There are three stanzas in the poem. The rhythm pattern is 2-line last line rhyme. The general metrical scheme is 1-2, 1-2, 1-2. There are no breaks of rhythm in the poem. The word choices used in the poem are common words used to make rhyming pattern. The words chosen are common everyday ones and are not unusual; they are just used uniquely in sentences. Theme The theme for this poem is love, lost, cooping. The poem express the love that the man had for the girl was very strong. ‘The ring you gave is still the same’ He’s saying even though she is physically gone he thinks her spirit remains and believes that their love and bond together will last forever. ‘Give me an amulet, That keeps intelligence with you’ He’s afraid to admit that he lost her and doesn’t know whether the â€Å"Keepsakes† will guarantee that they’re connected. Alas, that neither bonds nor vows, Can certify possession’ Even though the things that he has of her still remains he doesn’t know whether she’s always watching over. Source Justification Book: The Infinitude of The Private Man By: Maurice York, Rick Spaulding This site is credible because it tells Ralph Waldo Emersonâ€℠¢s life story. Rick had a staff of people from various universities and historians who collaborated to make this book possible. Both authors are also lectures and researchers that travel North America and talk about Emerson’s works. Website: http://emerson. tamu. edu/index. tml The Emerson society was founded 29 December 1989. The society is devoted to the development of scholarships and love of the life and writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson. The University of South Carolina Board of Trustees supports this site. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/literature/Thoreau-Emerson-and-Transcendentalism-Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-Life-and-Background-of-Emerson-Emerson-s-Reputation-and-Influence. id-134,pageNum-18. html Clifton Keith Hillegass, the founder of CliffsNotes built the company that produced study guides destined to become a multi-generational icon. Real teachers and professors write CliffsNotes study guides. And it’s stable of educational and reference books. online-literature. com/emerson/ They offer searchable online literature for the student, educator, or enthusiast. The publicator of the site is Jalic Inc. Their purpose is the publication of quality informative websites. Work Citied Websites: Menon, Sindhu. Ralph Waldo Emerson Biography and Works. Search Texts, Read Online. Discuss. The Literature Network: Online Classic Literature, Poems, and Quotes. Essays Summaries. Jalic Inc. , 2000. Web. 06 May 2011. online-literature. com/emerson/. Ralph Waldo Emerson Biography Ralph Waldo Emerson Childhood, Life Timeline. Famous People Famous People in History, Famous People List Biography. Famous People Inc. Web. 06 May 2011. thefamouspeople. com/profiles/ralph-waldo-emersion-41. php. The Ralph Waldo Emerson Society. 15 Apr. 2003. Web. 6 May 2011. http://emerson. tamu. edu/index. html. Thoreau, Emerson, and Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson: Emersons Reputation and Influence CliffsNotes. Get Homework Help with CliffsNotes Study Guides CliffsNotes. Web. 06 May 2011. cliffsnotes. com/study_guide/literature/Thoreau-Emerson-and-Transcendentalism-Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-Life-and-Background-of-Emerson-Emerson-s-Reputation-and-Influence. id-134,pageNum-18. html. Books: York, Maurice, and Rick Spaulding. Ralph Waldo Emerson: the Infinitude of the Private Man : a Biography. Chicago: Wrightwood, 2008. Print.

Processing-structure-property relationships in (TPE-E) nanocomposites Lab Report

Processing-structure-property relationships in (TPE-E) nanocomposites - Lab Report Example This area of research is extremely promising because such systems possess higher dispersion then conventional organolclays do. Also, it is worth mentioning that examples from both literature and experimentaly achieved data point out that alkyl-ammoniums used as organo-modifiers have limited applications for apolar polymers. Scheme 1: Alkyl-ammoniums used as organo-modifiers For such polymers interactions with clay is usually low and further entropic barriers prevent mixing of an inorganic clay with the desired polymer. In other words, alkyl chain-clay interactions are low. To overcome this organo-modifiers are used but, as our studies suggest, low thermostability (Changes in composition start to occur at approx. 2200C) of the produced modified clay will limit the scope of potential applications. 4.1 Modification of Clay As it was previously stated, it was necessary to modify Fluormica (Somasif ME 100) Prestine clay to increase its mixability with the polyester TPE. The employed type of clay is hydrophilic. This factor contributes to poor solubility in hydrophobic polymers. It terms of structure, Fluormica (Somasif ME 100) is made of layers which are held together by electrostatic forces. These layers carry the negative charge, while positively charged cations are shared equally between stacks of layers. This structure is not easy to brake, what is another factor to poor mixability. In order to modify the studied clay ion exchange reactions were used. The chemical formulation is Na0.66Mg2.68(Si3.98Al0.02)O10.02F1.96 [65] and the particle size is about 650 nm. (Cation Exchange Capacity is 100 mequiv/mol). Thus it can be presumed that cations such as Na+ and Mg2+ can be substituted by an alkyl-ammonium (Scheme 1) cations. Alkyl-ammoniums carry different hydrophobic groups consequently, producing various hydrophobicity. Hydrophobic chain makes the modified clay more compatible with the organic matrix. Employing different alkyl-ammoniums it will be possible to mak e the clay compatible with almost any required polymer. Moreover, treatment with described organic modifiers will separate clay plates. This will afford intercalated and exfoliated materials which can be used to produce nanoparticles. To describe the produced modified clay it is necessary to analyse Fourier transform infrared spectrosctrum(FT-IR) then move on to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) before finally commenting on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves. 4.2 FT-IR The major peak for all the studied samples occurs at 902 cm-1 (Scheme 2). This wavelength can be associated only with carbon-oxygen-carbon symmetric stretch absorbtion. There is only one peak in this region there are no peaks formed by asymmetric carbon-oxygen-carbon absorbtion. The next major peak occurs at 2925 cm-1 but not for all studied entries. ME 100 and ME100 CC do not possess such peak. The formed peak is due to asymmetric stretch of CH2-O group. The described peaks prove the presence of specific bo nds in the molecule. Scheme 2: FT-IR spectrums of the modified clay samples. 4.3 XPS On the Schemes 3 and 4 ME 100 is the unmodified clay and all the entries from 2 to 8 present various modifications. It is seen that not all Na+ and Mg2+ are substituted by N+R4. In ME 75 Etho substitution is the most efficient and ME 100 CC shows only slight reduction on Na+ and Mg2+ quantity. No Sample Code O (%) C